Which of the following is true about anticholinergic effects?

The statement that all of the options are correct accurately captures the comprehensive nature of anticholinergic effects. Anticholinergic effects refer to the physiological responses resulting from antagonism of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

The gastrointestinal and respiratory systems, as well as other organ systems, are impacted by anticholinergic medications, which often include common side effects like confusion and dizziness within the CNS, particularly in older adults who are more sensitive to these effects. This aligns with the first option.

Furthermore, many medications, including antihistamines and certain antidepressants, are known to produce anticholinergic effects. Understanding this helps in identifying potential side effects in patients who may be taking multiple medications that contribute to this adverse profile, as highlighted in the second option.

Lastly, characteristic PNS symptoms such as dry mouth and increased heart rate (tachycardia) are classic manifestations of anticholinergic effects, demonstrating how these medications inhibit normal parasympathetic nerve functions. This is consistent with the third option.

Given that all these statements reflect the diverse range of anticholinergic effects experienced across various body systems due to specific medications, indicating that all of the